Sex and Gender Factors Affecting Metabolic Homeostasis, Diabetes and Obesity

Andrea L. Hevener, Zhenqi Zhou, Brian G. Drew, Vicent Ribas, Hevener, Andrea L., Zhou, Zhenqi, Drew, Brian G., Ribas, Vicent

Women in the modern era are challenged with facing menopausal symptoms as well as heightened disease risk associated with increasing adiposity and metabolic dysfunction for up to three decades of life. Treatment strategies to combat metabolic dysfunction and associated pathologies have been hampered by our lack of understanding regarding the biological causes of these clinical conditions and our incomplete understanding regarding the effects of estrogens and the tissue-specific functions and molecular actions of its receptors. In this chapter we provide evidence supporting a critical and protective role for skeletal muscle estrogen receptor α in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Studies identifying the critical ER-regulated pathways essential for disease prevention will lay the important foundation for the rational design of novel therapeutic strategies to improve the health of women while limiting secondary complications that have plagued traditional hormone replacement interventions.