Chapter title |
Chemotactic responses by macrophages to a directional source of a cytokine delivered by a micropipette.
|
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Chapter number | 11 |
Book title |
Cytokine Bioassays
|
Published in |
Methods in molecular biology, June 2014
|
DOI | 10.1007/978-1-4939-0928-5_11 |
Pubmed ID | |
Book ISBNs |
978-1-4939-0927-8, 978-1-4939-0928-5
|
Authors |
Cammer M, Cox D, Michael Cammer, Dianne Cox |
Abstract |
Macrophages, which are organized throughout every tissue, represent a key component of the immune system and the recruitment of macrophages to specific sites is important in normal host defense. However, when inappropriately recruited macrophages may damage or destroy healthy tissue; this is seen in several autoimmune diseases such as arthritis. Many cytokines, including CSF-1 and chemokines, are often upregulated in inflamed tissues and can induce the directional migration of macrophages towards the highest concentration of the cytokine in a process called chemotaxis. Chemokines were first described as chemoattractant cytokines synthesized at sites of inflammation that stimulate the directional migration of leukocytes and mediate inflammation. Whereas specific receptors for chemoattractants reside over the entire cell surface, macrophages can detect very shallow chemotactic gradients leading to spatially defined responses to the chemoattractant such as the extension of directed protrusions leading to cell migration. In this chapter we describe a method for the localized delivery of chemoattractants via a micropipette needle to macrophages in culture followed by methods for imaging and an outline of quantifying macrophage responses. |
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