Statistical Genomics

Mark A. Carty, Olivier Elemento, Carty, Mark A, Elemento, Olivier, Carty, Mark A.

Ewy Mathé, Sean Davis

The three dimensional (3D) architecture of chromosomes is not random but instead tightly organized due to chromatin folding and chromatin interactions between genomically distant loci. By bringing genomically distant functional elements such as enhancers and promoters into close proximity, these interactions play a key role in regulating gene expression. Some of these interactions are dynamic, that is, they differ between cell types, conditions and can be induced by specific stimuli or differentiation events. Other interactions are more structural and stable, that is they are constitutionally present across several cell types. Genome contact interactions can occur via recruitment and physical interaction between chromatin-binding proteins and correlate with epigenetic marks such as histone modifications. Absence of a contact can occur due to presence of insulators, that is, chromatin-bound complexes that physically separate genomic loci. Understanding which contacts occur or do not occur in a given cell type is important since it can help explain how genes are regulated and which functional elements are involved in such regulation. The analysis of genome contact interactions has been greatly facilitated by the relatively recent development of chromosome conformation capture (3C). In an even more recent development, 3C was combined with next generation sequencing and led to Hi-C, a technique that in theory queries all possible pairwise interactions both within the same chromosome (intra) and between chromosomes (inter). Hi-C has now been used to study genome contact interactions in several human and mouse cell types as well as in animal models such as Drosophila and yeast. While it is fair to say that Hi-C has revolutionized the study of chromatin interactions, the computational analysis of Hi-C data is extremely challenging due to the presence of biases, artifacts, random polymer ligation and the huge number of potential pairwise interactions. In this chapter, we outline a strategy for analysis of genome contact experiments based on Hi-C using R and Bioconductor.