Chapter title |
Non-classical Transcriptional Activity of Retinoic Acid
|
---|---|
Chapter number | 7 |
Book title |
The Biochemistry of Retinoid Signaling II
|
Published in |
Sub cellular biochemistry, November 2016
|
DOI | 10.1007/978-94-024-0945-1_7 |
Pubmed ID | |
Book ISBNs |
978-9-40-240943-7, 978-9-40-240945-1
|
Authors |
Noa Noy |
Editors |
Mary Ann Asson-Batres, Cecile Rochette-Egly |
Abstract |
It has long been established that the transcriptional activity of retinoic acid (RA) is mediated by members of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors termed RA receptors (RARs). More recent observations have established that RA also activates an additional nuclear receptor, PPARβ/δ. Partitioning RA between RARs and PPARβ/δ is governed by different intracellular lipid-binding proteins: cellular RA binding protein 2 (CRABP2) delivers RA to nuclear RARs and a fatty acid binding protein (FABP5) delivers the hormone from the cytosol to nuclear PPARβ/δ. Consequently, RA signals through RARs in CRABP2-expressing cells, but activates PPARβ/δ in cells that express a high level of FABP5. RA elicits different and sometimes opposing responses in cells that express different FABP5/CRABP2 ratios because PPARβ/δ and RARs regulate the expression of distinct sets of genes. An overview of the observations that led to the discovery of this non-classical activity of RA are presented here, along with a discussion of evidence demonstrating the involvement of the dual transcriptional activities of RA in regulating energy homeostasis, insulin responses, and adipocyte and neuron differentiation. |
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