PTEN

Mireia Castillo-Martin, Tin Htwe Thin, Ana Collazo Lorduy, Carlos Cordon-Cardo

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an excellent technique used routinely to define the phenotype in pathology laboratories through the analysis of molecular expression in cells and tissues. The PTEN protein is ubiquitously expressed in the majority of human tissues, and allelic or complete loss of PTEN is frequently observed in different types of malignancies leading to an activation of the AKT/mTOR pathways. IHC-based analyses are best to determine the level of PTEN expression in histological samples, but not to assess partial or heterozygous deletions, for which FISH analyses are more appropriate. Interpretation of the IHC results is the most critical point in the assessment of PTEN expression, since it is used both as a prognostic factor and as a tool to guide therapeutic intervention and response to therapy. Importantly, analyses of well-known downstream markers, such as AKT or mTOR, may be used to further analyze PTEN functional status.