| Title |
Growth Factors and Cytokines in Skeletal Muscle Development, Growth, Regeneration and Disease
|
|---|---|
| Published by |
Advances in experimental medicine and biology, January 2016
|
| DOI | 10.1007/978-3-319-27511-6 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| ISBNs |
978-3-31-927509-3, 978-3-31-927511-6
|
| Authors |
Hunt, Liam C, White, Jason |
| Editors |
Jason White, Gayle Smythe |
| Abstract |
Cytokines are an incredibly diverse group of secreted proteins with equally diverse functions. The actions of cytokines are mediated by the unique and sometimes overlapping receptors to which the soluble ligands bind. Classified within the interleukin-6 family of cytokines are leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin-M (OSM), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). These cytokines all bind to the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) and gp130, and in some cases an additional receptor subunit, leading to activation of downstream kinases and transcriptional activators. LIFR is expressed on a broad range of cell types and can generate pleiotropic effects. In the context of skeletal muscle physiology, these cytokines have been shown to exert effects on motor neurons, inflammatory and muscle cells. From isolated cells through to whole organisms, manipulations of LIFR signaling cytokines have a wide range of outcomes influencing muscle cell growth, myogenic differentiation, response to exercise, metabolism, neural innervation and recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of muscle injury. This article will discuss the shared and distinct processes that LIFR cytokines regulate in a variety of experimental models with the common theme of skeletal muscle physiology. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 7 | 28% |
| United Kingdom | 4 | 16% |
| Taiwan | 1 | 4% |
| Chile | 1 | 4% |
| Netherlands | 1 | 4% |
| Norway | 1 | 4% |
| Unknown | 10 | 40% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 16 | 64% |
| Scientists | 8 | 32% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 4% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 75 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 6 | 8% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 4 | 5% |
| Student > Master | 4 | 5% |
| Researcher | 3 | 4% |
| Student > Postgraduate | 3 | 4% |
| Other | 3 | 4% |
| Unknown | 52 | 69% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 7 | 9% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 3 | 4% |
| Nursing and Health Professions | 3 | 4% |
| Immunology and Microbiology | 3 | 4% |
| Chemical Engineering | 1 | 1% |
| Other | 3 | 4% |
| Unknown | 55 | 73% |