Spain under the Bourbons, 1700–1833

Table of Contents

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   Book Overview
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   Chapter 1 Will of Carlos II 1700
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   Chapter 2 Proclamation of Felipe V. An Account of 16 November Missing the Phrase ‘Il N’y a Plus de Pyrenees’ 1700
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   Chapter 3 There Follows the Text of the Letter in Which Louis XIV Accepts the Spanish Crown on Behalf of His Grandson 1700
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   Chapter 4 The new King leaves Paris 1700
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   Chapter 5 Felipe V Swears to Observe the Ancient Laws of the Spanish Realm and Is Accepted as King 1701
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   Chapter 6 European Reaction to Carlos II’s Will. The Empire, England and the Low Countries Join Forces to Combat the Excessive might of a United France and Spain 1701
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   Chapter 7 Felipe V declares war on the Allies 1704
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   Chapter 8 Imperial version of the attack on Gibraltar and its fall 1704
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    Chapter 9 Barcelona rises for Archduke Charles — and with him at its head staves off the first siege by the Bourbons. An Imperial account of the action 1706
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    Chapter 10 Official Account of the Battle of Almansa Addressed by Felipe V to the University of Salamanca, Stressing the Religious Nature of the War 1707
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    Chapter 11 Felipe V abolishes Aragonese and Valencian Privileges 1707
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    Chapter 12 French Defeats in Flanders Have Repercussions on the Spanish War-Effort. They Produce a Sharp Reaction in the Imperial Camp, and after Taking Zaragoza, the Archduke Enters Madrid. An Imperial Account of These Actions 1710
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    Chapter 13 Another Version of the Archduke’s Reception in Madrid. The Author, a Supporter of Felipe, Emphasises the Coldness of the Population towards Him and the Anti-Catholic Nature of the Allied Troops 1710
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    Chapter 14 Britain Makes Her Position Clear: There is Only One Obstacle To Her Agreeing to a Peace Settlement; Her Fear that the Crowns of France and Spain might be United. Felipe V Decides to Sweep This Obstacle Away and Renounce All His Rights to the French Throne 1712
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    Chapter 15 Peace-Treaty of Utrecht. England shall Keep Gibraltar and Minorca as well as Her Trading Rights in the West Indies 1713
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    Chapter 16 Barcelona, Abandoned by Both Friends and Allies, Stands Alone Against Felipe V 1713
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    Chapter 17 And now, Finally, Peace with Holland. Note the Important Trade-Agreements Contained in this Treaty 1714
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    Chapter 18 Fall of Barcelona 1714
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    Chapter 19 Creation of the Spanish Royal Academy 1715
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    Chapter 20 The Sicilian Expedition 1718
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    Chapter 21 The English have not declared war, but their Admiral, Byng, attacks the Spanish fleet and takes it by surprise. The incident, narrated by an Italian of the Austrian persuasion
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    Chapter 22 Spanish Protest. Declaration of War 1718
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    Chapter 23 The British Declaration of War on Spain 1718
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    Chapter 24 The Coalition becomes threatening. Felipe V decides to dispense with his policies of aggression and with their prime advocate, Alberoni 1720
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    Chapter 25 Articles of the Quadripartite Treaty of Alliance, pertaining to Spain 1720
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    Chapter 26 The Two Great Rivals of The War of Succession mutually abdicate — The frontiers of Europe are established 1720
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    Chapter 27 Treaty of alliance agreed between Spain, France and Great Britain 1721
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    Chapter 28 An ‘Auto de fe’ in Spain in the eighteenth century 1724
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    Chapter 29 Felipe V abdicates in favour of his son, Luis 1724
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    Chapter 30 Luis I dies. The theologians give their considered judgement on whether Felipe V may return to the Throne 1724
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    Chapter 31 Felipe V announces the death of Luis I and His own return to the Throne 1724
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    Chapter 32 Treaty of Vienna 1725
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    Chapter 33 Preparations for the expedition to Oran 1732
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    Chapter 34 The Capture of Oran and Mers-El-Kebir 1732
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    Chapter 35 Treaty of El Escorial, between Spain and France, sometimes known as the First Family Pact. 7 November 1733
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    Chapter 36 Spain joins forces with France in the War of Polish Succession. Their object: Italy. Their fear: that Great Britain might enter the arena 1733
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    Chapter 37 The Kings’ dream is realised, which demonstrates that their abilities are greater than is generally supposed: Carlos of Bourbon becomes King of Sicily and of Naples 1734
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    Chapter 38 The British attack on the Caribbean port of Cartagena 1741
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    Chapter 39 Treaty of alliance between Spain and France signed at Fontainebleau and known as The Second Family Treaty (25 October) 1743
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    Chapter 40 Peace. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748
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    Chapter 41 The Concordat between Spain and Benedict XIV 1753
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    Chapter 42 The Campaign against the Jesuits reaches Spain. The Pope throws the weight of His authority against it, thereby contradicting the claims of the enemies of the Society1759
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    Chapter 43 Prelude to the war with Great Britain. Preparation of Public Opinion 1761
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    Chapter 44 Cleaning of the City of Madrid and New Legislation concerning its upkeep: sidewalks, gutters, cess-pits, cobbles and the banning of pigs 1761
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    Chapter 45 Communiqués from Fuentes in London. Great Britain, having defeated France in the Americas, now entertains even grander aspirations and makes illegal acquisitions. The Spanish Ambassador thinks war inevitable 1761
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    Chapter 46 Text of the Third Family Pact (4 February) 1762
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    Chapter 47 Peace reigns. The Conquests in Portugal and the capture of Sacramento compensate in part for the loss of Habana and Manila. Permanent treaty agreed between Our Lord the King and His Most Christian Majesty, on the one hand, and his Britannic Majesty on the other, Paris, 10th of February 1763; to which treaty His Most Faithful Majesty acquiesced that same day 1763
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    Chapter 48 The Order to reduce the size of capes and hats worn at Court which was to lead to the ‘Esquilache revolt’ 1766
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    Chapter 49 Shocked by the disturbances in Madrid occasioned by Esquilache’s law about the cape and hat, Carlos III bows to the popular will 1766
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    Chapter 50 The rebellion at Zaragoza, which was provoked by economic causes, is calmed down by labourers with the almost complete lack of involvement on the part of the authorities, who were taken by surprise 1766
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    Chapter 51 After the enforced downfall of Esquilache, a call for an energetic politician: The Count of Aranda 1766
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    Chapter 52 Expulsion of the Society of Jesus 1766
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    Chapter 53 Peace-treaty with Morocco 1767
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    Chapter 54 An attempt to solve the African question. An abortive assault on Algiers 1775
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    Chapter 55 First moves towards assisting the rebels in North America in their struggle against Great Britain 1776
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    Chapter 56 Letter of Introduction from the North-American Delegation to Aranda 1776
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    Chapter 57 Representations of Arthur Lee to the Spanish Court, setting out the reasons for the American Revolution 1777
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    Chapter 58 Letter from Franklin to Aranda, proposing an alliance against Great Britain 1777
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    Chapter 59 Preliminary Treaty between His Catholic Majesty and Her Most Faithful Majesty concerning the boundaries of their respective possessions in South America. The Treaty ratified by His Majesty in San Lorenzo el Real on 11th October 1777
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    Chapter 60 The town of Pensacola, Florida, surrenders to the Spanish under Don Bernardo de Gálvez 1781
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    Chapter 61 An eye-witness account of the capture of Minorca and of the taking of the castle at Mahón 1781
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    Chapter 62 Diary of Aranda: discussions with the recently independent colonies on the question of borders 1782
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    Chapter 63 Articles of Peace and Trade Agreement between His Catholic Majesty and the Ottoman Porte, ratified by His Majesty on 24th December 1782
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    Chapter 64 The Decree of Carlos III, removing all stigmas attaching both to work and those who perform it, underlines great social changes. The traditional idea of the Caballero is swept away 1783
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    Chapter 65 Conclusive Peace-Treaty between His Catholic Majesty and His Britannic Majesty, signed at Versailles on the 3rd of September 1783 1783
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    Chapter 66 Since the punishment meted out the previous year proved insufficient, the Spanish fleet now appears before Algiers. This time Spain has brought allies with Her (Sicilians, Portuguese and some Knights of Malta), but in spite of their help, this year the attempt proves more difficult and the results less effective (12th to 20th July). They make six assaults before eventually withdrawing 1784
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    Chapter 67 Peace-Treaty and Alliance between His Catholic Majesty and the Dey and Province of Algiers, agreed on 14th June 1786
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    Chapter 68 The Nootka incident. Treaty between His Catholic Majesty and His Majesty, the King of England, settling various points arising over fishing and shipping rights, and trade, in the Pacific Ocean and the South Seas. San Lorenzo el Real, 28th October 1790
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    Chapter 69 The Death of Louis XVI and public pressure lead to the declaration of war on France (23rd March) 1793
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    Chapter 70 Conclusive Peace-Treaty between His Catholic Majesty and the French Republic, signed at Basel 1795
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    Chapter 71 The French Directory attempts to turn Carlos IV’s obsession with dynastic matters to their own political and economic advantage. This is how they brief their Minister of Foreign Affairs 1796
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    Chapter 72 Treaty of Alliance between His Catholic Majesty and the French Republic, signed at San Ildefonso on 18th August, and treating of matters both offensive and defensive 1796
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    Chapter 73 The close alliance between Spain and France inevitably brings War with England in its wake. This was so much a sine qua non of the Treaty that even the traditional list of outrages committed by the British Nation has the hollow ring of exaggeration about it 1796
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    Chapter 74 Rout of the Spanish off Cape St Vincent. Reading between the lines of the excuses he offers, one can see quite clearly that, in comparison with the polished technique of the British, the Spanish were quite inexperienced in handling the fleet. Losses: six ships of the line 1797
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    Chapter 75 Britain is still mistress of the waves. Her fleet shells Cádiz. The strange kind of bomb-ketch or bomb-barge they have with them has to have the protection of an escort. All this in July. Nelson saves a Spaniard’s life 1797
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    Chapter 76 Representation to Carlos IV on the nature of the Holy Office by G. M. de Jovellanos 1798
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    Chapter 77 Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800
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    Chapter 78 War with Portugal. Spain and France sign the Convention prior to the ultimatum 1801
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    Chapter 79 Peace of Amiens 1802
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    Chapter 80 Treaty of Neutrality between Spain and France 1803
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    Chapter 81 The battle of Trafalgar. The ‘battle log’ received and published in Madrid 1805
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    Chapter 82 Letter from Fernando, Prince of Asturias, to the Emperor Napoleon 1807
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    Chapter 83 Treaty of Fontainebleau 1807
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    Chapter 84 Carlos IV explains the imprisonment of his son to the nation 1807
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    Chapter 85 King Carlos pardons his son 1807
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    Chapter 86 Carlos IV tries to calm Spanish distrust of Napoleon’s army 1808
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    Chapter 87 Proclamation of 19th March. Imprisonment of Godoy 1808
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    Chapter 88 Abdication of Carlos IV 1808
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    Chapter 89 Letter from Napoleon to his brother Louis dated 27th March, offering him the throne of Spain 1808
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    Chapter 90 Letter from the Emperor of the French to Fernando 1808
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    Chapter 91 The Second of May 1808
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    Chapter 92 Resignation of Fernando VII 1808
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    Chapter 93 Treaty between Carlos IV and the Emperor of the French 1808
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    Chapter 94 Resignation of Carlos IV 1808
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    Chapter 95 Proclamation of the General Council of the Principality of Asturias, 24th May 1808
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    Chapter 96 Proclamation of the General Council to the King of Great Britain 1808
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    Chapter 97 Proclamation of Napoleon to the Spanish 1808
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    Chapter 98 Decree of Napoleon conferring the Spanish Throne on his brother, Joseph 1808
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     Chapter 99 Seville declares war 1808
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     Chapter 100 Proclamation of Joseph I on entering Spain 1808
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     Chapter 101 Bailén. Terms of surrender agreed between the Spanish and French armies 1808
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     Chapter 102 The First Manifesto of the Supreme Council of State to the Spanish Nation 1808
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     Chapter 103 Joseph complains to the Emperor 1809
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     Chapter 104 Surrender of Zaragoza 1809
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     Chapter 105 Jovellanos’ reply to General Sebastiani 1809
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     Chapter 106 The first session of the parliament of the Supreme Council. Royal decree of His Majesty 1809
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     Chapter 107 Communiqués on the Battle of Talavera 1809
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     Chapter 108 The first surge of Mexican Independence 1810
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     Chapter 109 Marshal Soult opens the war to the death, 9th May 1810
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     Chapter 110 Marshal Soult opens the war to the death, 9th May 1810
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     Chapter 111 Proclamation of 20 April of the Council of Caracas to the ‘inhabitants of the United States of Venezuela’ 1810
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     Chapter 112 Declaration of independence by the Congress of Venezuela 1811
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     Chapter 113 First news of the Argentinian Revolution 1811
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     Chapter 114 Political constitution of the Spanish Monarchy 1812
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     Chapter 115 Wellington, Commander-in-Chief 1812
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     Chapter 116 Abolition of the Inquisition 1813
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     Chapter 117 Decree of Valencia (4 May) annulling the previous liberal one of the Cadiz Parliament 1814
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     Chapter 118 Declaration of the Assembly of Angostura convened by Bolivar on 20 November in the knowledge that Spain was seeking the help of the European Powers 1816
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     Chapter 119 Act of Independence of Chile 1818
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     Chapter 120 Liberal revolution. First proclamation of the army of Cádiz 1820
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     Chapter 121 Declaration of the King to the Nation 1820
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     Chapter 122 Declaration of the Provisional Council 1820
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     Chapter 123 Declaration of the King to the Americas 1820
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     Chapter 124 The Provisional Council to the people 1820
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     Chapter 125 The assault on Madrid 1822
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     Chapter 126 Resolution of the Congress of Verona 1822
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     Chapter 127 European Intervention. With the disapproval of Britain, the four powers agree to send an ultimatum to Spain through instructions to their respective ambassadors. As an example, here follows that from Metternich 1822
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     Chapter 128 Reply of the Constitutional Government to the signatories of the Convention of Verona 1823
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     Chapter 129 Fernando VII declares the acts of the liberal Government to be null and void 1823
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     Chapter 130 Letter of Quintana to that English sympathiser with liberalism in Spain, Lord Holland 1823
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     Chapter 131 The last footholds on the American continent are lost 1826
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     Chapter 132 Decree of ratification of 29 March on the succession to the throne 1830
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     Chapter 133 Declaration of Don Fernando VII on 31 December on the succession to the throne 1832
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     Chapter 134 Letter of protest of Prince Carlos 1833
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     Chapter 135 Letter of Fernando VII to his brother Carlos, condemning him to exile 1833