Chapter title |
Contemporary Use of Anomalous Diffraction in Biomolecular Structure Analysis
|
---|---|
Chapter number | 16 |
Book title |
Protein Crystallography
|
Published in |
Methods in molecular biology, January 2017
|
DOI | 10.1007/978-1-4939-7000-1_16 |
Pubmed ID | |
Book ISBNs |
978-1-4939-6998-2, 978-1-4939-7000-1
|
Authors |
Qun Liu, Wayne A. Hendrickson |
Editors |
Alexander Wlodawer, Zbigniew Dauter, Mariusz Jaskolski |
Abstract |
The normal elastic X-ray scattering that depends only on electron density can be modulated by an "anomalous" component due to resonance between X-rays and electronic orbitals. Anomalous scattering thereby precisely identifies atomic species, since orbitals distinguish atomic elements, which enables the multi- and single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD and SAD) methods. SAD now predominates in de novo structure determination of biological macromolecules, and we focus here on the prevailing SAD method. We describe the anomalous phasing theory and the periodic table of phasing elements that are available for SAD experiments, differentiating between those readily accessible for at-resonance experiments and those that can be effective away from an edge. We describe procedures for present-day SAD phasing experiments and we discuss optimization of anomalous signals for challenging applications. We also describe methods for using anomalous signals as molecular markers for tracing and element identification. Emerging developments and perspectives are discussed in brief. |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 13 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Ph. D. Student | 4 | 31% |
Student > Bachelor | 2 | 15% |
Student > Master | 2 | 15% |
Researcher | 2 | 15% |
Unspecified | 1 | 8% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 2 | 15% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 5 | 38% |
Chemistry | 2 | 15% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 1 | 8% |
Unspecified | 1 | 8% |
Physics and Astronomy | 1 | 8% |
Other | 1 | 8% |
Unknown | 2 | 15% |