Chapter title |
Sensing necrotic cells.
|
---|---|
Chapter number | 9 |
Book title |
Self and Nonself
|
Published in |
Advances in experimental medicine and biology, March 2012
|
DOI | 10.1007/978-1-4614-1680-7_9 |
Pubmed ID | |
Book ISBNs |
978-1-4614-1679-1, 978-1-4614-1680-7
|
Authors |
Miyake Y, Yamasaki S, Yasunobu Miyake, Sho Yamasaki |
Abstract |
Multicellular organisms have developed ways to recognize potentially life-threatening events (danger signals). Classically, danger signals have been defined as exogenous, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as bacterial cell wall components (e.g., lipopolysaccharide and peptideglycan) or viral DNA/RNA. PAMPs interact with dedicated receptors on immune cells, so-called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and activate immune systems. A well-known family of PRRs is the toll-like receptors (TLRs) in which each member recognizes a specific set of PAMPs. However, not only exogenous pathogens but also several endogenous molecules released from necrotic cells (damaged self) also activate immune systems. These endogenous adjuvants are called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). It has been reported that high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), uric acid, heat shock proteins (HSPs) and nucleotides act as endogenous adjuvants. DAMPs are recognized by specific receptors (danger receptors) expressed mainly on antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages and induce cell maturation and the production of inflammatory cytokines by activating the NF-kB pathway. In this chapter, we will review danger signals released from necrotic cells and its recognition receptors. |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 1 | 3% |
Unknown | 34 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 13 | 37% |
Researcher | 5 | 14% |
Professor > Associate Professor | 4 | 11% |
Student > Master | 4 | 11% |
Other | 2 | 6% |
Other | 2 | 6% |
Unknown | 5 | 14% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 14 | 40% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 7 | 20% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 6 | 17% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 2 | 6% |
Unknown | 6 | 17% |