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Advances in Cryogenic Engineering

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Table of Contents

  1. Altmetric Badge
    Book Overview
  2. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 1 Emerging 21st Century Markets and Outlook for Applied Superconducting Products
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    Chapter 2 Large Applications and Challenges of State-Of-The-Art Superconducting RF (SRF) Technologies
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    Chapter 3 The Jefferson Lab Superconducting Accelerator
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    Chapter 4 Jefferson Lab High-Power Free-Electron Laser
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    Chapter 5 Superconducting Radio-Frequency Technology: Understanding and Improvements of Limitations Through Application of Cryogenic Instrumentation
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    Chapter 6 Thermal Stability Analysis of Superconducting RF Cavities
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    Chapter 7 Influence of the RRR of Niobium on the RF Properties of Superconducting Cavities
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    Chapter 8 Studies of RF-Superconductivity Properties of Niobium Film-Coated Cavities at CERN
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    Chapter 9 Construction, Commissioning, and Cryogenic Performances of the First TESLA Test Facility (TTF) Cryomodule
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    Chapter 10 The Performance of 1.3 Ghz 9-Cell Superconducting Cavity Systems for The TESLA Test Facility
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    Chapter 11 Superconducting RF Cavities and Magnets for a 4-TeV Energy Muon Collider
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    Chapter 12 Experience with the Lep Superconducting RF Accelerating System
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    Chapter 13 Design and Performance of KEKB Superconducting Cavities and its Cryogenic System
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    Chapter 14 Beam Effects on the Cryogenic System of LEP 2
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    Chapter 15 A Cryogen-Free 0.5 TESLA MRI Magnet for Head Imaging
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    Chapter 16 Design, Fabrication, and Testing of the Aliss Superconducting Mine-Countermeasures Magnet
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    Chapter 17 Manufacturing of Liquid Helium Free Superconducting Magnets for Industrial Use
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    Chapter 18 Ramp Rate Testing of an HTS High Gradient Magnetic Separation Magnet
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    Chapter 19 Bi-2212 Coils for 1 T Class Insert Coils
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    Chapter 20 Computer Simulation of Quench Propagation in QUELL
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    Chapter 21 Numerical Evaluation of the Quench Behaviour of the ITER Toroidal Field Model Coil
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    Chapter 22 Thermal and Hydraulic Measurement in the ITER QUELL Experiments
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    Chapter 23 Rearrangement of Superconducting Wires in Solenoidal Magnets
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    Chapter 24 Completion of Helical Coils for LHD
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    Chapter 25 Development of a Superconducting Solenoid Magnet System for the B-Factory Detector (BELLE)
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    Chapter 26 Preliminary Testing of the DØ Superconducting Solenoid
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    Chapter 27 Performance and Operating Experience of the RHIC First Sextant Test
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    Chapter 28 Magnetic Elements for the A1900 Fragment Separator at the NSCL
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    Chapter 29 Design and Construction of Coil Supporting Structure and Cryostat Vessel for LHD
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    Chapter 30 Performance of Magnet Leads for RHIC
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    Chapter 31 Mechanical and Thermal Considerations for the Superconducting Magnet to Normal Conductor Magnet “Warm-to-Cold Transitions” of the RHIC Accelerator
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    Chapter 32 A Gaseous-Helium Cooling System for a High-Tc Superconducting Coil
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    Chapter 33 A Novel Thermal Insulation Method for a Next-Generation Conduction — Cooled Superconducting Magnet
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    Chapter 34 Cryocooler Cooled Superconducting Magnets and Their Applications
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    Chapter 35 Development of Two Types of Cryogen Free Superconducting Magnets (5T-ϕ300min and 10T-ϕ100mm)
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    Chapter 36 Design of the Thermal Shields for the New Improved Version of the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) Cryostat
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    Chapter 37 Cooldown Symulations for TESLA Test Facility (TTF) Cryostats
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    Chapter 38 Novel Concept of Concentrator of Magnetic Energy
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    Chapter 39 Stability Estimate for CICC with Cooling Channel Using One- and Two-Fluid Codes
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    Chapter 40 A Simple Method for Measurement of AC Losses in Superconducting Wires under Configuration of a Double-Layer Non-Inductive Coil
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    Chapter 41 High-Temperature Superconductor Coil System for a Particle Detector Analyzing Magnet
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    Chapter 42 Three-Dimensional Numerical Analyses of the Stability of Ag/BSCCO Tape
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    Chapter 43 Design Considerations and Experience of the RHIC Dual Magnet Cryostat Installation
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    Chapter 44 High Current Diffusion Type Diodes at Cryogenic Temperatures for the LHC Superconducting Magnet Protection
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    Chapter 45 Critical Current Density and Dissipation in Sintered YBCO Filaments
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    Chapter 46 A Possible 1.8 K Refrigeration Cycle for the Large Hadron Collider
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    Chapter 47 A Simplified Cryogenic Distribution Scheme for the Large Hadron Collider
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    Chapter 48 Cryogenic System and Cryostat Design for the LHC IR Quadrupole Magnets
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    Chapter 49 The New Superfluid Helium Cryostats for the Short Straight Sections of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
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    Chapter 50 Cooling Strings of Superconducting Devices Below 2 K: The Helium II Bayonet Heat Exchanger
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    Chapter 51 Supporting Systems from 293 K to 1.9 K for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Cryo-Magnets
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    Chapter 52 Design of the Second Series of LHC Prototype Dipole Magnet Cryostats
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    Chapter 53 A Facility for Evaluating Superconductors above Atmospheric Pressure at 1.8K
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    Chapter 54 Cable Magnetization Effects in the LHC Main Dipole Magnets
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    Chapter 55 Thermohydraulics of Resistive Transitions of the LHC Prototype Magnet String: Theoretical Modeling and Experimental Results
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    Chapter 56 Helium Recovery in the LHC Cryogenic System Following Magnet Resistive Transitions
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    Chapter 57 Analysis of the 15m LHC Cryo-Dipole Radiation Screen during a Magnet Quench
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    Chapter 58 Status, Operation and Performance of the RHIC Helium Refrigerator
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    Chapter 59 TS Diagram for on-Line Monitoring of the RHIC Refrigerator
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    Chapter 60 RHIC 25 kW Refrigerator and Distribution System, Construction, Testing, and Initial Operating Experience
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    Chapter 61 Ring Warmup and Helium Recovery for the RHIC Accelerator: Thermal Analysis of the Warmup of a Superconducting Magnet String
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    Chapter 62 Performance of RHIC 50 Watt Recoolers
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    Chapter 63 Performance of the RHIC Cryogenic Control System During the First Sextant Test
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    Chapter 64 VJR/VJRR Design, Construction, Installation, and Performance
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    Chapter 65 A 1400 Liter 1.8 K Test Facility
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    Chapter 66 Performance and Control of a Cryogenic System Cooling 1152 VLPC Channels
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    Chapter 67 Thermodynamic Analysis and Operating Experience of the Nuclotron Helium Refrigerators in the “Satellite” Mode
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    Chapter 68 Experience in Four Years Operation of the 2 kW-HE I-Refrigerator at FZK/Karlsruhe
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    Chapter 69 Experience with a Large Scale He II Refrigeration System at Tore Supra
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    Chapter 70 Operation Characteristics of the Helium Refrigerator for the Large Helical Device with a Dummy Load Apparatus
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    Chapter 71 Development of a Cryogenic System for the Large Helical Device
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    Chapter 72 Cryogenic System for TJNAF’s Hall C
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    Chapter 73 Design of the Fill/Transfer Station Cryostat for the Omega Cryogenic Target System
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    Chapter 74 The Cold Neutron Source of the Munich Research Reactor (FRM)
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    Chapter 75 Cryogenic Transient Heat Transfer in the g-2 Cryostats at Thermal Insulating Vacuum Loss
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    Chapter 76 Safety Design, Operation, and Control of a Liquid Hydrogen Target at BNL
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    Chapter 77 Operational Experience with a Cryogenic Axial-Centrifugal Compressor
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    Chapter 78 A High Reliability Gas-Driven Helium Cryogenic Centrifugal Compressor
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    Chapter 79 Operating a Train of Cryogenic Centrifugal Compressors at Lower Flow Rates and Constant Compression Ratio
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    Chapter 80 Predicting Performance of Expansion Turbines Using Different Working Fluids Based on the Artificial Neural Network
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    Chapter 81 A Feasibility Study on the Use of New Gas Foil Bearings in Cryogenic Turboexpander
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    Chapter 82 80K Turbo Compressor System Without LN2 Cooling for High Reliable and Efficient Helium Refrigerator
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    Chapter 83 Progress Report of a Cryomechanical Hybrid Vacuum Pump Prototype
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    Chapter 84 Conduction Cooled High-Temperature Superconducting Magnetic Bearing Module
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    Chapter 85 Cool-Down Dynamics of a Cryostat with a Closed-Cycle Cryogenic Refrigerator
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    Chapter 86 Development of 70MW Class Superconducting Generators
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    Chapter 87 Study of Supercritical Helium Circulation Pump for a Forced-Flow Cooled Magnet Using CICC
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    Chapter 88 Experimental Study on a Thermoacoustic Engine with Brass Screen Stack Matrix
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    Chapter 89 Increasing the Useful Life of Quench Reliefs with Inconel Bellows
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    Chapter 90 Magnetic Bearing with Melt Processed HTS
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    Chapter 91 Recent Advances in the Realization and Dissemination of the ITS-90 Below 83.8058 K at NIST
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    Chapter 92 Cryogenic Thermometer Calibration Facility at CERN
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    Chapter 93 Miniature Resistance Thermometers Based on Ge Films on GaAs
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    Chapter 94 High Resolution Thermometry Using the Magnetic Penetration Depth of Superconducting Films
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    Chapter 95 Neutron Irradiation Tests of Calibrated Cryogenic Sensors at Low Temperatures
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    Chapter 96 Effects of High Intensity Cryogenic Irradiation and Magnetic Field on Temperature Sensors
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    Chapter 97 Silicon Pressure Sensor for in Situ Pressure Measurement in a Pressurized Superfluid Helium Environment
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    Chapter 98 Development of an Accurate Double-Diaphragm Sapphire Cryogenic Capacitive Pressure Transducer
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    Chapter 99 Measurements of Void Fraction and Flow Rate of LNG Flow
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    Chapter 100 Forced Convection Cooled Thermistors Used as Magnet Lead Flow Sensors
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    Chapter 101 Precise Wide Range Heatmeters for 1.5 K up to 80 K
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    Chapter 102 Low Temperature Performance of a Superconducting Angular Accelerometer
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    Chapter 103 New Transformer for Powering Superconducting Magnets
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    Chapter 104 Cryogenic Control System for the g-2 Muon Ring
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    Chapter 105 Application of Industrial Control Systems to a Large Scale Cryogenic System
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    Chapter 106 The Deskside Supercomputer
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    Chapter 107 Cryogenically Cooled Optical Dynamic RAM
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    Chapter 108 Cryopackaging for Real World Products
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    Chapter 109 Packaging and Integration Issues for Cryoelectronic and Superconductor Materials
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    Chapter 110 A Fully Functional Closed Cycle Cryosystem That Uses Less Than One Watt of Refrigeration at 4.5 K, for a 2.5 GHz Per Channel, 128 X 128 Channel Superconducting Switch
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    Chapter 111 A Review of Cryobiology and Cryosurgery
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    Chapter 112 A Novel Closed Loop Cryosurgical Device
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    Chapter 113 A Cryogenic Catheter for Treating Heart Arrhythmia
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    Chapter 114 Fast Joule-Thomson Cryocycling Device for Cryosurgical Applications
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    Chapter 115 Magnetocardiography and Magnetoencephalography: New Technologies for Fetal Surveillance
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    Chapter 116 Development of the Long-Lifetime Solid Nitrogen Dewar for NICMOS
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    Chapter 117 Pre- and Post-Launch Performance of the NICMOS Dewar
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    Chapter 118 Thermal Performance of the XRS Helium Cryostat
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    Chapter 119 Suppression of Superfluid Film Flow in the XRS Helium Dewar
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    Chapter 120 Final Design of the XRS/Astro-E ADR
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    Chapter 121 A High Tc Superconducting Current Lead Assembly for the XDS Helium Cryostat
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    Chapter 122 Cryogenic/Thermal System for the SIRTF Observatory
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    Chapter 123 A Small Long-Life Dewar for Explorer-Type Space Experiments
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    Chapter 124 Lifetime Enhancement of the CHeX Cryogenic System
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    Chapter 125 Design and Testing of an Improved Cryopump for the Confined Helium Experiment
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    Chapter 126 Design and Fabrication of a Zero Gravity Liquid Cryogen Cooler Using Surface Tension Confinement Technology
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    Chapter 127 Liquid Hydrogen Densification Heat Exchanger
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    Chapter 128 Post-Flight Analysis of a 10 K Sorption Cryocooler
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    Chapter 129 The Redstone Interface Cooling System
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    Chapter 130 Coals to Newcastle — Cryogenics in Antarctica
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    Chapter 131 Investigation of the Self Destruction of a Liquid Nitrogen Container at South Pole Station, Antarctica
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    Chapter 132 Cryogenic Safety in the United States Antarctic Program
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    Chapter 133 Alaska SMES: Form and Function for the World’s Largest Magnet
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    Chapter 134 Research of a New Coil Design for Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
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    Chapter 135 Test Results of Elementaly Coils for Toroidal SMES
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    Chapter 136 Structural Design of Superconducting Energy Storage Solenoidal Magnets
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    Chapter 137 Aluminum Stabilized Conductor in a Large Cryostable SMES Magnet
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    Chapter 138 Design of a Monolithic 15 kA Superconductor for SMES
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    Chapter 139 A Method to Buffer AC Losses in a Forced Flow Superconducting Magnet
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    Chapter 140 Integrated Design of Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems for SMES Systems
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    Chapter 141 He II Cooling System Performance in the Ebasco Proof of Principle Experiment during Lambda Transition, Warmup, and Quench
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    Chapter 142 Deep Discharge Recovery with the AML&P SMES Helium Refrigeration System
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    Chapter 143 Simulation and Design of a Protection System for SMES
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    Chapter 144 Power System Feedback from High-Tc Superconductor Shielded Core Fault Current Limiter
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    Chapter 145 Studies on the Current Distribution in HTSC Power Cables
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    Chapter 146 Test Results for Different High Temperature Superconducting Transmission Cable Prototypes
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    Chapter 147 R&D of High Reliable Refrigeration System for Superconducting Generators
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    Chapter 148 1 ATM Subcooled Liquid Nitrogen Cryogenic System for Oxide Superconducting Power Transformer
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    Chapter 149 Optimized LNG Storage Tanks for Fleet-Size Refueling Stations with Local LNG Liquefiers
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    Chapter 150 A Comparative Study of CNG Production Methods for a 1750 DEG / Day Vehicle Fleet
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    Chapter 151 Testing of a Buried LNG Tank
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    Chapter 152 Regime of Uniform Heating of Liquid Phase During Static Storage of Liquefied Natural Gas
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    Chapter 153 The Assessment and Comparison of Alternative and Traditional Fuels from a Study of the Vehicle’s On-Road Performance and Emissions
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    Chapter 154 The Elimination of Oxides of Nitrogen from the Exhaust of a Diesel Engine Using Cryogenic Air Separation
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    Chapter 155 Cryogenic Heat Engine Experiment
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    Chapter 156 Cryogenic Marine Loading Vapor Recovery System
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    Chapter 157 Adsorption Storage of Gaseous Hydrogen at Cryogenic Temperatures
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    Chapter 158 A Fuel Cell Power Supply for Long Duration Balloon Flights Using Stored Cryogens
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    Chapter 159 Current Status of Thermodynamic Properties of Cryogenic Fluids
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    Chapter 160 Thermodynamic Properties of Mixtures of Nitrogen, Argon, and Oxygen, Including Air
  162. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 161 Mathematical Model for Boiling Heat Transfer from a Thin Wire in Liquid Nitrogen
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    Chapter 162 Numerical Analysis of Heat Transport Mechanism in Nitrogen Near the Critical Point
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    Chapter 163 Effect of Surface Conditions on Pool Boiling Critical Heat Fluxes in Saturated and Subcooled Liquid Nitrogen at Various Pressures
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    Chapter 164 Heat Transfer Through a Multilayer Insulation System as a Function of Pressure in the Cryostat Vacuum Space
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    Chapter 165 Cryogenic Superinsulations with Increased Efficiency
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    Chapter 166 Pumping Performance of Cryopanels Coated with Activated Carbon
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    Chapter 167 A Simplified Theory of Current Leads
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    Chapter 168 Optimal Design of Sizes in Binary Current Leads Cooled by Cryogenic Refrigerator
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    Chapter 169 Effect of Heat Transfer on Cooling of Current Leads
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    Chapter 170 Thermal Resistance Across a Copper/Kapton/Copper Interface at Cryogenic Temperatures
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    Chapter 171 The Effect of Solid Interfaces on Thermal Contact Resistance at Low Temperature
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    Chapter 172 Modeling Superfluid Phase Separator Systems
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    Chapter 173 Common Approximations that Can Invalidate Calculations of the Flow of Superfluid Helium
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    Chapter 174 Development of Superfluid Shock Tube Facility
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    Chapter 175 Liquid Level Control Using a Porous Plug in a Two-Phase He II System
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    Chapter 176 Steady and Unsteady Heat Transfer from a Flat Plate in Subcooled Helium II
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    Chapter 177 Material and Geometry Effects of Wire Surface Coating on Heat Transfer in He II Bath
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    Chapter 178 Various Film Boiling States in He II at Hydrostatic Pressures from Saturated Vapor Pressure to 1 ATM
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    Chapter 179 Heat Transfer from Insulated Rutherford Type Cables Immersed in Pressurized He II
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    Chapter 180 Latest Developments on He II Co-Current Two-Phase Flow Studies
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    Chapter 181 Heat Transport in Saturated He II with Surface Heat Transfer in the Turbulent Counterflow Regime
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    Chapter 182 He II Heat Transport in Cylindrical Geometry
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    Chapter 183 Experimental Study for Dynamical Characteristics of He I–He II Interface Under Saturated Vapor Pressure Condition
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    Chapter 184 Measurement of the Pressure Distribution and Drag on a Sphere in Flowing Helium I and Helium II
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    Chapter 185 Steady State Heat Transfer Characteristics in He I with Different Surface Area
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    Chapter 186 Transient Heat Transfer Characteristics of Liquid Helium in Centrifugal Acceleration Field
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    Chapter 187 A Liquid Helium Film Heat Pipe/Heat Switch
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    Chapter 188 Liquid Helium Thermosiphon for the 4 TESLA CMS Solenoid
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    Chapter 189 Development of Multi-Loop Heat Pipes for Superconducting Magnet Applications
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    Chapter 190 Performance of Crycooler Shunt Heat Pipes
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    Chapter 191 Cryopump Cooled with a Dual Heat Pipe
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    Chapter 192 Development of Intermetallic Compounds for Use as Magnetic Refrigerators or Regenerators
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    Chapter 193 Recent Progress in the Application of Magnetic Regenerator Materials
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    Chapter 194 Mean-Field Approximation Analysis of Magnetocaloric Effect in Rare-Earth Materials
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    Chapter 195 Low Temperature Elasticity and Magnetic Susceptibility of Gd-Y Alloys
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    Chapter 196 Eddy Current Power Dissipation in Rare Earth Packed Particle Bed Regenerators for AMRR Applications
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    Chapter 197 Systematic Investigations of Regenerators for 4.2K-Refrigerators
  199. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 198 Niobium Clad Neodymium in Wire and Strip Form for Use as a Regenerator
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    Chapter 199 Neodymium-Ribbon-Regenerator Cooling Performance in a Two-Stage Gifford-McMahon Refrigerator
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    Chapter 200 Monolithic Regenerator Technology for Low Temperature (4 K) Gifford-McMahon Cryocoolers
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    Chapter 201 Analysis on the Colder Regenerator of 4.2K G-M Refrigerator
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    Chapter 202 Measurement of Heat Conduction through Stacked Screens
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    Chapter 203 Pressure Drop over Regenerators in Oscillating Flow
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    Chapter 204 Parallel Flow Regenerator for Pulse Tube Cooler Application
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    Chapter 205 A Study of Oscillating Flow Charactristics of Regenerators in a High Frequency Pulse Tube Refrigerator
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    Chapter 206 A Straightforward Method for the Sizing of Perforated Plate Matrix Heat Exchangers
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    Chapter 207 Phillips Laboratory Space Cryocooler Development and Test Program
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    Chapter 208 An Update on Estimating the Cost of Cryogenic Refrigeration
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    Chapter 209 Further Development of a Mixed Gas Joule Thomson Refrigerator
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    Chapter 210 Mixed-Refrigerant Joule-Thompson Cryocooler Driven By R22/R12 Compressor
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    Chapter 211 Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization of 80k Closed-Cycle Joule-Thompson Cryocooler with Gas Mixture
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    Chapter 212 Development of a Low Vibration Throttle Cycle Cooler
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    Chapter 213 Water Trap Refrigerated by a Throttle-Cycle Cooler Using Mixed Gas Refrigerant
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    Chapter 214 Retrospective of Mixed-Refrigerant Technology and Modern Status of Cryocoolers Based on One-Stage, Oil-Lubricated Compressors
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    Chapter 215 Closed-Cycle Cooling System for a Superconducting Magnet and 2K – 400K Variable Temperature Insert
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    Chapter 216 An Hybrid Cycle Helium Liquefier
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    Chapter 217 Analyzing Magnetic Refrigeration Efficiency: A Rotary AMR — Reverse Brayton Case Study
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    Chapter 218 The Giant Magnetocaloric Effect in Gd5(SixGe1-x)4 Materials for Magnetic Refrigeration
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    Chapter 219 The Influence of Multiple Magnetic Ordering on the Magnetocaloric Effect in RNiAl Alloys
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    Chapter 220 Effect of Heat Rejection Conditions on Cryocooler Operational Stability
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    Chapter 221 Test and Analysis of Five Types of Regenerative Cryocoolers
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    Chapter 222 Description and Performance of a Near-Room Temperature Magnetic Refrigerator
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    Chapter 223 An Experimental GM/Magnetic Refrigerator
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    Chapter 224 Performance and Internal Process of a 4 K GM Cooler
  226. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 225 Performance of a Low-Temperature Gifford-McMahon Refrigerator Utilizing a Neodymium Disk Regenerator
  227. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 226 Numerical and Experimental Study of a 4 K Modified-Solvay Cycle Cryocooler
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    Chapter 227 A Numerical Simulation Method of a Two-Stage G-M Refrigerator and Comparison with Experiment
  229. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 228 Effects of Thermal Conductance in the Cooling Stage of a 4K-GM Refrigerator on Refrigeration Capacity
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    Chapter 229 Long-Term Performance of 4 K Gifford-McMahon Refrigerators on the Bima Array
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    Chapter 230 Efficient Single Stage Gifford-McMahon Refrigerator Operating at 20K
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    Chapter 231 Thermofluid Analysis of Shuttle Loss on Regenerative Cryocoolers
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    Chapter 232 Performance of Hughes’ “SBIRS Low” FDS Cryocooler
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    Chapter 233 Enhanced Performance of the BEI 0.5 Watt Mini-Linear Stirling Cooler
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    Chapter 234 Experimental Performance of the BEI One Watt Linear (OWL) Stirling Cooler
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    Chapter 235 Exergy Analysis of Stirling Cycle Cryogenerator
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    Chapter 236 Theoretical Performance of Single Stage and Two Stage Superfluid Stirling Refrigerators Using Kapton Recuperators
  238. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 237 Development of a Linear Drive Cryocooler System Incorporating Both Stirling and Orifice Pulse Tube Refrigeration Cycles
  239. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 238 A New Approach for Thermoacoustic Refrigeration
  240. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 239 Pulse Tube Coolers with an Inertance Tube: Theory, Modeling, and Practice
  241. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 240 An Optimization Program for Modeling Pulse Tube Coolers
  242. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 241 Pulse Tube Refrigerator Based on Fluid Inertia
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    Chapter 242 Thermodynamical Aspects of Pulse Tubes
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    Chapter 243 The Temperature Profile within Pulse Tubes
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    Chapter 244 Interface Loss in the Small Amplitude Orifice Pulse Tube Model
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    Chapter 245 An Adiabatic Model for a Two-Stage Double-Orifice Pulse Tube Refrigerator to Reach Liquid Helium Temperatures
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    Chapter 246 Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of the Oscillating Flow in a Multi-Bypass Pulse Tube Refrigerator with Area Change
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    Chapter 247 Development of Low Frequency Pulse Tube Refrigerators
  249. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 248 Experimental Results of a Single Stage Linear Orifice Pulse Tube Refrigerator
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    Chapter 249 Experiments on the Thermodynamic Performance of a “U-Tube” Pulse Tube Expander
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    Chapter 250 A Single Stage Five Valve Pulse Tube Refrigerator Reaching 32 K
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    Chapter 251 A Four-Valve Pulse Tube Cryocooler with a Cooling Power over 30 W at 80 K
  253. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 252 Effects of Regenerator Geometry on Pulse Tube Refrigerator Performance
  254. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 253 Investigation on the Heat Transfer Characteristic in Pulse Tube Refrigerator
  255. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 254 Oscillating Flow Behavior in a Pulse Tube Refrigerator under Optimized Conditions
  256. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 255 Visualization Study of Oscillating Flow Inside a Pulse Tube Refrigerator
  257. Altmetric Badge
    Chapter 256 Dynamic Experimental Study of the Multi-Bypass Pulse Tube Refrigerator with Two-Bypass Tubes
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Title
Advances in Cryogenic Engineering
Published by
Springer US, January 1998
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4
ISBNs
978-1-4757-9049-8, 978-1-4757-9047-4
Editors

Peter Kittel

Mendeley readers

Mendeley readers

The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 9 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.

Geographical breakdown

Country Count As %
United States 1 11%
Unknown 8 89%

Demographic breakdown

Readers by professional status Count As %
Student > Ph. D. Student 2 22%
Professor > Associate Professor 1 11%
Researcher 1 11%
Student > Master 1 11%
Unknown 4 44%
Readers by discipline Count As %
Materials Science 1 11%
Engineering 1 11%
Unknown 7 78%