Chapter title |
Non-human C. difficile Reservoirs and Sources: Animals, Food, Environment
|
---|---|
Chapter number | 13 |
Book title |
Updates on Clostridium difficile in Europe
|
Published in |
Advances in experimental medicine and biology, January 2018
|
DOI | 10.1007/978-3-319-72799-8_13 |
Pubmed ID | |
Book ISBNs |
978-3-31-972798-1, 978-3-31-972799-8
|
Authors |
Cristina Rodriguez Diaz, Christian Seyboldt, Maja Rupnik, Rodriguez Diaz, Cristina, Seyboldt, Christian, Rupnik, Maja |
Abstract |
Clostridium difficile is ubiquitous and is found in humans, animals and in variety of environments. The substantial overlap of ribotypes between all three main reservoirs suggests the extensive transmissions. Here we give the overview of European studies investigating farm, companion and wild animals, food and environments including water, soil, sediment, waste water treatment plants, biogas plants, air and households. Studies in Europe are more numerous especially in last couple of years, but are still fragmented in terms of countries, animal species or type of environment covered. Soil seem to be the habitat of divergent unusual lineages of C. difficile. But the most important aspect of animals and environment is their role in C. difficile transmissions and their potential as a source for human infection is discussed. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 75 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Master | 9 | 12% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 6 | 8% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 6 | 8% |
Student > Bachelor | 5 | 7% |
Researcher | 5 | 7% |
Other | 16 | 21% |
Unknown | 28 | 37% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Immunology and Microbiology | 9 | 12% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 8 | 11% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 7 | 9% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 4 | 5% |
Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine | 3 | 4% |
Other | 10 | 13% |
Unknown | 34 | 45% |