| Chapter title |
Nicotine Chemistry, Metabolism, Kinetics and Biomarkers
|
|---|---|
| Chapter number | 2 |
| Book title |
Nicotine Psychopharmacology
|
| Published in |
Handbook of experimental pharmacology, September 2014
|
| DOI | 10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_2 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Book ISBNs |
978-3-54-069246-1, 978-3-54-069248-5
|
| Authors |
Neal L. Benowitz, Janne Hukkanen, Peyton Jacob, III, Peyton Jacob III, Benowitz NL, Hukkanen J, Jacob P 3rd, Peyton JacobIII, Peyton Jacob, Benowitz, Neal L., Hukkanen, Janne, Jacob, Peyton |
| Editors |
Jack E. Henningfield, Edythe D. London, Sakire Pogun |
| Abstract |
Nicotine underlies tobacco addiction, influences tobacco use patterns, and is used as a pharmacological aid to smoking cessation. The absorption, distribution and disposition characteristics of nicotine from tobacco and medicinal products are reviewed. Nicotine is metabolized primarily by the liver enzymes CYP2A6, UDPglucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO). In addition to genetic factors, nicotine metabolism is influenced by diet and meals, age, sex, use of estrogen-containing hormone preparations, pregnancy and kidney disease, other medications, and smoking itself. Substantial racial/ethnic differences are observed in nicotine metabolism, which are likely influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The most widely used biomarker of nicotine intake is cotinine, which may be measured in blood, urine, saliva, hair, or nails. The current optimal plasma cotinine cut-point to distinguish smokers from non-smokers in the general US population is 3 ng ml(-1). This cut-point is much lower than that established 20 years ago, reflecting less secondhand smoke exposure due to clear air policies and more light or occasional smoking. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 4 | 14% |
| New Zealand | 2 | 7% |
| Turkey | 1 | 3% |
| United Kingdom | 1 | 3% |
| Finland | 1 | 3% |
| Germany | 1 | 3% |
| Spain | 1 | 3% |
| Japan | 1 | 3% |
| Myanmar | 1 | 3% |
| Other | 0 | 0% |
| Unknown | 16 | 55% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 26 | 90% |
| Scientists | 2 | 7% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 3% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 5 | <1% |
| United States | 4 | <1% |
| Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
| Kenya | 1 | <1% |
| Sweden | 1 | <1% |
| Germany | 1 | <1% |
| Japan | 1 | <1% |
| Spain | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 967 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Bachelor | 138 | 14% |
| Student > Master | 115 | 12% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 108 | 11% |
| Researcher | 92 | 9% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 54 | 5% |
| Other | 181 | 18% |
| Unknown | 294 | 30% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 157 | 16% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 86 | 9% |
| Chemistry | 72 | 7% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 64 | 7% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 61 | 6% |
| Other | 194 | 20% |
| Unknown | 348 | 35% |